Al-Jurumiyyah

✍️ Ibnu Ajurrum Ash-Shanhaji — died 723H

The basic text of the science of nahwu (Arabic grammar) by Ibn Ajurrum Ash-Shanhaji (d. 723 AH) from Morocco, is concise but includes the main principles of i'rab. Discusses the division of kalam, signs of i'rab, marfu'at, manshubat, and makhfudhat as the foundation for reading the yellow book. This is the first level of nahwu learning at Islamic boarding school before going up to Al-Imrithi and Alfiyah.

Chapter 1: Kalam & Its Division

بَابُ الْكَلَامِ

Definition of Kalam

تَعْرِيفُ الْكَلَامِ

الْكَلَامُ هُوَ اللَّفْظُ الْمُرَكَّبُ الْمُفِيدُ بِالْوَضْعِ. وَأَقْسَامُهُ ثَلَاثَةٌ: اِسْمٌ، وَفِعْلٌ، وَحَرْفٌ جَاءَ لِمَعْنًى.

Translation

Kalam is a composed lafazh, containing faedah (perfect meaning), based on Arabic language conventions. There are three divisions: Isim, Fi'il, and Harf.

Commentary

4 elements of kalam: (1) Lafzh=speech; (2) Murakkab=composed of at least 2 elements; (3) Mufid = means perfect; (4) Bil-wadh'=Arabic convention. Example: جَاءَ زَيْدٌ (kalam). Not kalam: إِنْ قَامَ (not yet perfect). Three types of words are the foundation of the entire science of nahwu.

Signs of Isim, Fi'il & Harf

عَلَامَاتُ الِاسْمِ وَالْفِعْلِ وَالْحَرْفِ

فَالِاسْمُ يُعْرَفُ بِالْخَفْضِ وَالتَّنْوِينِ وَدُخُولِ الْأَلِفِ وَاللَّامِ. وَالْفِعْلُ يُعْرَفُ بِقَدْ وَالسِّينِ وَسَوْفَ وَتَاءِ التَّأْنِيثِ السَّاكِنَةِ. وَالْحَرْفُ مَا لَا يَصْلُحُ مَعَهُ دَلِيلُ الِاسْمِ وَلَا الْفِعْلِ.

Translation

Isim: can be given, tanwined, entered into. Fi'il: can be entered قَدْ، سَ، سَوْفَ، تْ at the end. Harf: cannot accept isim or fi'il marks.

Commentary

Tanwin (ٌ ً ٍ) = definitely isim. Alif-lam (الـ) = definitely isim. The letter jar (مِنْ، إِلَى) only goes in the isim. Qad+madhi=tahqiq (قَدْ قَامَ). Sin/saufa+mudhari'=will (سَيَقُوْمُ). Letters like مِنْ cannot receive all the signs.